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Ruby Bingo
The first use of online bingo subprograms was ruby bingo in assembly languages that did not have a call instruction. On these computers, subroutines needed to be called by a sequence of lower level instructions, possibly implemented as a macro. These instructions typically modified the program code rather like the infamous ruby bingo Cobol alter statement, modifying the address of a branch at a standard location so that it behaved like an explicit return instruction. Even with this cumbersome approach ruby bingo subroutines proved so useful that soon most architectures provided instructions to help with online bingo calls, clear up to explicit call instructions.
When an assembly language ruby bingo program executes a call, program flow jumps to another location, but the address of the next instruction (that is, the instruction that follows the call instruction in memory) is kept somewhere to use when returning (unless an execution stack or similar is ruby bingo being used, as once proposed by Henry Baker). The IBM 360 range used to save this address in a processor register, relying on nline bingo macros to save and ruby bingo restore deeper return addresses in memory associated with individual subroutines, then using branches to the address specified online bingo in the register to accomplish a return. However online bingo stacks have proved a very useful approach, and are typically ruby bingo used in more modern architectures. On these, the return address is 'pushed' as a point of return on the stack. The online bingo subroutine exits by 'pop'ing a return value off the end of the stack, which takes the previously pushed return address ruby bingo and jumps to it, so program flow continues.
A subprogram may find it useful to make use of a certain amount of "scratch" space; that is, memory used during the execution of that subprogram to hold intermediate results. Variables stored in this scratch space are referred to as local variables, and the scratch space itself is referred to as an activation record. An activation record typically has a return address that tells it where to pass control back to when the subprogram finishes.
A subprogram may have any number and nature of call sites; in fact, a subprogram may even call itself, causing its execution to suspend while another nested execution of the same subprogram occurs. This is referred to as recursion, and is a useful technique for making some complex algorithms more comprehensible. However, recursion poses a problem if the recursive execution modifies any local variables, because when the suspended nline bingo execution resumes, it will find that the data stored in its local variables have been lost.
- Early languages ruby bingo like online bingo Fortran simply didn't support recursion for this reason. Modern languages almost invariably provide a fresh activation record for every execution of a subprogram; that way, the nested execution is free to modify its local variables without concern for the effect on other ruby bingo suspended executions in progress. As online bingo nested calls accumulate, a call stack structure is formed, consisting of one activation record for each suspended subprogram. In fact, this stack structure is virtually ubiquitous, and so activation records are commonly referred to as stack frames.
- If a subprogram can function properly even when called while another execution is already in progress, that subprogram is said to be re-entrant. A recursive subprogram must be re-entrant. Re-entrant subprograms are also useful in multi-threaded situations, since multiple threads can call the same ruby bingo subprogram without fear of interfering with each other.
- In a multi-threaded ruby bingo environment, there is generally more than one stack. An environment which fully supports coroutines or lazy evaluation may use data structures other than stacks to store their activation records.
